William McMahon received a law degree in 1933 and worked as a solicitor. He served in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) during World War II. In 1949, he completed an economics degree and won the seat of Lowe in the House of Representatives.

McMahon became a minister in Robert Menzies’ government in 1951, holding the Navy and Army portfolios until 1954. He served as Minister for Social Services from 1954 to 1956, Minister for Primary Industry from 1956 to 1958, and Minister for Labour and National Service from 1958 to 1966. He succeeded Harold Holt as Treasurer in 1966 and held the portfolio until 1969.

Early years

McMahon was born on 23 February 1908, 1 of 4 children of solicitor William McMahon and Mary Anne (Walder) McMahon. His mother died when he was 9 years old, and his father when he was 18. McMahon was raised by his aunt and uncle, Elsie and Samuel Walder. Samuel was a Sydney businessman.

McMahon went to Sydney Grammar School from 1923 to 1926, then to the University of Sydney. He graduated in 1933 with a law degree and became a solicitor with leading Sydney legal firm Allen, Allen & Hemsley. After war was declared in 1939, McMahon joined the 2nd AIF. A hearing problem preventing him from being sent overseas, so he served in Australia until the end of the war in 1945. McMahon then travelled to England, France and North America before returning to Australia in 1946. He enrolled at the University of Sydney to study economics and graduated in 1949 with distinction.

Member for Lowe 1949

McMahon won Liberal Party preselection for the seat of Lowe at the 1949 federal election. He won and took his seat in the 19th parliament on 22 February 1950. McMahon’s first speech to the House was on 2 March 1950. Later that month, he spoke on the Commonwealth Bank Bill, introduced by Treasurer Arthur Fadden to repeal the Chifley government’s 1947 Act. In April, he spoke on the Communist Party Dissolution Bill, introduced by Prime Minister Robert Menzies in an attempt to outlaw communism in Australia.

The Senate, where Labor had a majority, refused to pass the Commonwealth Bank Bill in 1951, and Menzies obtained a double dissolution of parliament. This was the first double dissolution since 1914. The Coalition was returned with increased numbers in the Senate. McMahon became a minister and was sworn in to the Navy and Army portfolios on 17 July 1951. He held these portfolios until the reshuffle of ministries after the House of Representatives election in May 1954. McMahon succeeded Athol Townley as Minister for Social Services on 9 July 1954.

The Coalition lost ground at the 1954 election, but when Menzies obtained another early dissolution of parliament in December 1955, the Menzies–Fadden Coalition was returned with an increased majority.

Minister for Primary Industry 1956–58

Among the changes in the new ministry sworn in on 11 January 1956 was a division for the first time into 18 Cabinet and nine outer ministry portfolios. The portfolio responsibilities of Minister for Commerce and Agriculture John McEwen were divided into 2 Cabinet posts. Separate departments of Trade and of Primary Industry were created, with McEwen Minister for Trade and William McMahon Minister for Primary Industry. The choice of McMahon for this traditional Country Party area of responsibility was considered curious, even comical. Born and educated in exclusive Sydney circles, McMahon had neither interest in, nor knowledge of, rural issues. Press gallery journalists noted that the split portfolio created a problem for the junior coalition partner, as the Country Party already had their Cabinet quota – the senior posts of Treasury and Trade. Unwilling to exchange either of these, the compromise solution was to choose an inexperienced Liberal junior minister who would be guided by his predecessor, John McEwen.

In fact, McMahon’s 2 years in Primary Industry sowed the seeds of a bitter lifelong enmity between the novice and his intended mentor. Promoted to this more senior post, McMahon took his new responsibilities seriously. Far from seeking the advice of his experienced Coalition colleagues, he looked to the senior officials of his department, who had long experience in the former Agriculture Department. With their help and his own intelligence and determination, McMahon learnt about every aspect of his new responsibilities. He was soon able to deal effectively with Question Time, and proved to be a capable administrator and a shrewd negotiator with pressure groups large and small. It was not long before he clashed with his predecessor, John McEwen, over a butter price stabilisation scheme, and then began to move for a long-neglected reconstruction of the dairy industry. For the Country Party, drawing much of their electoral strength from dairy-farming districts, this was an unforeseen and unwelcome intrusion. For McEwen, a dairy farmer when McMahon was still at primary school and with responsibility for the portfolio for the previous 7 years, it was an unforgivable affront.

Arthur Fadden retired at the federal election in November 1958 and John McEwen replaced him as Country Party leader. The party lost the Treasury portfolio, but took back Primary Industry, which from then was always held by the Country Party in a Coalition government.

Minister for Labour and National Service 1958–66

In the new Menzies–McEwen ministry, McMahon was promoted to the portfolio of Labour and National Service. His predecessor, Harold Holt, was the new Treasurer. In his new portfolio, McMahon proved himself as able as before, mastering the issues and as tough at negotiating with the waterfront unions as he had been with the primary industry pressure groups. In June 1964, McMahon was appointed to the additional Cabinet post of Vice-president of the Executive Council.

As Minister for Labour and National Service, McMahon was responsible for the government’s compulsory military service legislation. Introduced to parliament on 11 November 1964, the Bill provided for compulsory registration of all 20-year-old men, with a ballot to select at random those who would be called up for military training and service overseas if necessary. The immediate concern was the Malaysian crisis. By the time the law was enacted, the government had announced that a battalion of Australian infantry would be sent to South Vietnam to assist United States forces in the war against the North Vietnamese Communist government.

In December 1965, McMahon married Sonia Hopkins in Sydney. At the age of 57, McMahon had seemed a confirmed bachelor. Both bride and groom were well-known in Sydney society, and their wedding received wide coverage in both news and social pages.

Treasurer 1966–69

After Robert Menzies retired from parliament in January 1966, the parliamentary Liberal Party elected Harold Holt as party leader and William McMahon as deputy leader. Holt was sworn in as Prime Minister and McMahon as Treasurer on 26 January 1966. McMahon’s ministerial record and abilities qualified him for the leading Cabinet post, but it also placed him on a collision course with Minister for Trade and Industry and Deputy Prime Minister John McEwen. Their conflict had continued for a decade since McMahon had shunned McEwen’s advice on the primary industry portfolio. Over time, their differences had intensified and widened, attracting opposing champions in the press. McMahon received better press from legendary press gallery journalist Alan Reid in Sydney’s Daily Telegraph, owned by Frank Packer. McEwen seemed to be more often supported by the Fairfax-owned Sydney Morning Herald and Canberra Times. McEwen complained bitterly of McMahon’s relationship with business journalist Maxwell Newton. Both suffered from Canberra’s ‘inner circle’ press – the newsletters and columns of journalists such as Frank Browne and Don Whitington. The regular flow of Cabinet leaks filling these willing hands not only caused questions in Cabinet, but had Governor-General Lord Casey discussing the problem with Director-General of Security, Charles Spry.

One of the major confrontations was over foreign investment, with McMahon and the Treasury in favour of using overseas capital for development. McEwen was firmly against this, and tried several times to secure Cabinet agreement on the establishment of an Australian Industry Development Corporation as a lending body. Other contentious issues were Britain’s second and successful application to join the European Economic Community in 1967, and Australia’s response to Britain’s devaluation of the pound sterling.

In November 1967, while McEwen was overseas, Cabinet accepted McMahon’s recommendation not to follow Britain and devalue the dollar. On McEwen’s return, he made public his strong disagreement. Prime Minister Harold Holt secured McEwen’s agreement not to force the issue, but McMahon moved on other areas of direct conflict with McEwen. Holt and other Cabinet members had discussed all these issues with McMahon, including his connection with journalists who wrote articles criticising McEwen and policies within the Trade and Industry portfolio. Then, in an unusual move, on 8 December 1967 Governor-General Lord Casey met with McMahon and attempted to act as mediator. McMahon questioned the constitutional propriety of Casey’s intervention, but the 2 men had a lengthy meeting. McMahon made a written record of the meeting, and for the next week, continued to try to gather support against McEwen. He phoned Holt at his Portsea holiday house on Sunday 10 December to question him, met with other ministers and, on 15 December, met Holt at Parliament House to insist he have a copy of all his notes on the matter.

That weekend, Holt disappeared while swimming near Portsea, Victoria, on Sunday 17 December, and 2 days later was presumed dead. As Deputy Prime Minister, McMahon planned a party meeting the following day, 20 December, for a leadership ballot. This move was pre-empted by McEwen’s statement to the Governor-General, to McMahon himself and to the press, that he would not serve in a McMahon government. McMahon’s own colleagues moved promptly to avoid a crisis in which the Coalition government would fall. Paul Hasluck, Allen Fairhall, John Gorton and Party Whip Dudley Erwin all saw the Governor-General on Monday 18 December after McEwen, but before McMahon. Lord Casey commissioned McEwen as Prime Minister the next day, 19 December 1967.

McMahon did not stand for the Liberal leadership ballot on 9 January 1968, and the party chose John Gorton over Paul Hasluck, Billy Snedden and Leslie Bury. McMahon was again elected deputy leader and remained Treasurer in the Gorton–McEwen Coalition government. The parliament did not meet until March, after Gorton resigned from his Senate seat and was elected to Harold Holt’s former House of Representatives seat. During the parliamentary winter recess, the McMahons moved from their flat to a large old house in the Sydney suburb of Bellevue Hill, shortly before the birth of their second child. Neither of the McMahons’ homes was within McMahon’s electorate of Lowe.

Paul Hasluck resigned at the federal election in October 1969 to become Governor-General. In the new Gorton–McEwen ministry, McMahon succeeded Hasluck as Minister for External Affairs, renamed Foreign Affairs on 6 November 1970.

Minister for External Affairs 1969–71

The third Gorton ministry was sworn in on 12 November 1969. The Coalition had fared badly in the election and McMahon unsuccessfully challenged Gorton for the leadership.

In 1970, before his retirement from parliament on 1 February 1971, McEwen secured the establishment of the Australian Industry Development Corporation. On 8 March, Malcolm Fraser resigned from his Defence portfolio, precipitating John Gorton’s resignation. On 10 March, McMahon won a ballot for leadership of the parliamentary Liberal Party, but Gorton was elected as deputy leader.

On the same day, William McMahon was sworn in as Australia’s 20th Prime Minister.

Sources

• Howson, Peter, The Howson Diaries: The Life of Politics, Viking Press, Melbourne, 1984.
• Hughes, Colin, Mr. Prime Minister: Australian Prime Ministers, 1901–1972, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1976.
• Reid, Alan, The Power Struggle, Shakespeare Head Press, Sydney, 1969.
• Sekuless, Peter, ‘William McMahon’, in Michelle Grattan (ed.), Australian Prime Ministers, New Holland, Sydney, 2000.
• Souter, Gavin, Acts of Parliament: A Narrative History of the Senate and House of Representatives, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1988.